Whole Genome Sequencing is an instrumental technique that is commonly being employed to sequence the entire genomes of animals and plants, respectively, and aims at identifying genomic variations such as SNP, InDel, CNV, and SV. Whole Genome Sequencing is an ideal approach to determine the entirety of genetic information at a single nucleotide level.

Whole exome sequencing (WES) employs next-generation sequencing technology (NGS), which provides a cost-efficient alternative to whole genome sequencing (WGS). The human whole exome, composed by about 180,000 exons (protein-coding region of the genome) accounts for only 1-2% of the human genome, but up to 85% of the disease-related mutations associated with Mendelian disorders occur in these regions

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has been transforming the study of cellular functionality, which provides researchers with an unprecedented insight into the transcriptional landscape of cells. Employing the high-throughput and accurate next-generation sequencing technique (NGS), RNA-seq reveals gene expression profiles and describes the continuous variations in the transcriptome. In the RNA-seq technique, the single-stranded messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are selectively captured or enriched, and converted to complementary DNA (cDNA) for library preparation.

lncRNA Sequencing

Long non-Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a moderately abundant fraction of the eukaryotic transcriptome, which are comprised of longer than 200nt non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) , including lincRNAs (intergenic lncRNAs), intronic, anti-sense, sense and bidirectional lncRNAs, which do not encode proteins. Effects of lncRNAs show evidence on multiple cellular functions and perform as prime targets on the regulation of gene transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, and epigenetics. lncRNA sequencing (lncRNA-seq) is a powerful NGS tool to study functional roles in diverse biological processes and human diseases, such as cancer and neurological disorders.

Small RNA Sequencing

Small RNAs (sRNAs) are short RNA molecules, usually non-coding, involved with gene silencing and the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. sRNA Sequencing (sRNA-seq) is a method that enables the in-depth investigation of these RNAs, in special microRNAs (miRNAs, 18-40nt in length).

Circular RNA Sequencing

Circular RNA (circRNA) is a highly stable molecule of ncRNA, in form of a covalently closed loop that lacks the 5’end caps and the 3’ poly(A) tails. The circular structure grants to circRNAs resistance against exonuclease digestion, a characteristic that can be exploited in library construction.

DNA methylation at the C5 position of cytosine plays a crucial role in gene expression and chromatin remodeling. Perturbations in methylation patterns are associated with tumorigenesis, neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders. Bioinformatic analysis of methylome is widely used in various research areas, including studies on gene regulation, cell differentiation, embryogenesis, aging, occurrence and development of disease, phenotypic diversity and evolution in plants and animals.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (ChIP-seq) provides genome-wide profiling of DNA targets for histone modification, transcription factors, and other DNA-associated proteins. It combines the selectivity of chromatin immuno-precipitation (ChIP) to recover specific protein-DNA complexes, with the power of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to achieve high-throughput sequencing of the recovered DNA.

Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) detects millions of novel CpG sites based on the improved bisulfite sequencing method, providing coverage to approximately all gene promoters, CpG islands, gene bodies, repetitive DNA sequences, and regulatory elements. It is an NGS-based sequencing platform and combines bisulfite sequencing and restriction enzymes to analyze the genome regions containing high CpG content. This combination allows reduced representation bisulfite sequencing to enhance the efficacy of the sample utilization and provides a perfect platform for clinical applications and pilot research.

RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (RIP-seq) is a high-throughput RNA sequencing method widely used to study Protein-RNA interactions to detect RNA interactions with the target proteins. The coupling of RIP-seq with other sequencing technologies enables the detection of a large number of RNA-protein complexes in a single run. RIP-seq provides deep insights not only into the central dogma (i.e., transcription and translation) but also in recent research areas like gene regulation by ncRNAs and RNA interference.

16S/18S/ITS Amplicon Metagenomic Sequencing is an ultra-deep DNA sequencing method that focuses on sequencing specific target regions (amplicons). Short (<500bp) hypervariable regions of conserved genes or intergenic regions are amplified by PCR and analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, to identify and differentiate multiple microbial species from complicated samples. Amplicon metagenomic sequencing is designated to sequence the target genes of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), or 18S rRNA and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rRNA by universal primers, to describe and compare the phylogeny and taxonomy of bacteria (and archaea) and fungi (such as yeasts, moulds and etc.), respectively.